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  1. ↑ Conceptually (ngày 20 tháng 1 năm 2019). “Determinism - Explanation and examples”. conceptually.org. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 1 năm 2019.
  2. 1 2 Gilmartin, M. (2009). "Colonialism/Imperialism". Key concepts in political geography (pp. 115–123). London: SAGE.
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  4. ↑ trans. Allyn Rickett (1998), in Guanzi: Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Early China: A Study and Translation. Volume II. Princeton University Press, p. 106.
  5. ↑ Benjamin Isaac, The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2004
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  7. ↑ El Hamel, Chouki (2002), “'Race', slavery and Islam in Maghribi Mediterranean thought: the question of the Haratin in Morocco”, The Journal of North African Studies, 7 (3): 29–52 [39–42], doi:10.1080/13629380208718472, S2CID 219625829
  8. ↑ Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, by Abdelmajid Hannoum © 2003 Wesleyan University. JSTOR 3590803
  9. ↑ Warren E. Gates (July–September 1967), “The Spread of Ibn Khaldun's Ideas on Climate and Culture”, Journal of the History of Ideas, 28 (3): 415–422, doi:10.2307/2708627, JSTOR 2708627
  10. 1 2 Painter & Jeffrey, "Political Geography", Sage Publications, 2009, pg.177.
  11. 1 2 J.A. Campbell & D.N. Livingstone, "Neo-Lemarckism and the Development of Geography in the United States and Great Britain," Transactions of the Institute of British Geographersxbxs 8 (1983): 278
  12. ↑ Jefferson, Thomas (2011). “Notes on the State of Virginia”. Trong Gates, Henry Louis; Burton, Jennifer (biên tập). Call and Response: Key Debates in African American Studies. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. tr. 17–24. ISBN 978-0-393-97578-9.
  13. ↑ Carolyn Yeager (ngày 29 tháng 1 năm 2013). “"Why We Are Antisemites" - Text of Adolf Hitler's 1920 speech at the Hofbräuhaus”. carolynyeager.net. Truy cập ngày 27 tháng 11 năm 2016.
  14. ↑ Lamarck, 1809: 124 in Ernst Mayr, "Lamarck Revisited," Journal of the History of Biology 5 (1972): 79–80.
  15. ↑ Gilmartin, M. (2009). "Colonialism/Imperialism". Key concepts in political geography (pg 117). London: SAGE.
  16. ↑ Osborne, Michael A. "Acclimatizing the World: A History of the Paradigmatic Colonial Science." Osiris 15 (2000): 138, 143.
  17. ↑ Shirlow, Peter, Gallaher, Carolyn, Gilmartin, Mary, "Key Concepts in Political Geography", SAGE Publications Ldt, 2009, pg.127.
  18. ↑ Matthews, Bartlein, Briffa, Dawson, Vernal, Denham, Fritz, Oldfield (2012). The SAGE Handbook of Environmental Change. London: Sage Publications. tr. 1–447. ISBN 978-0-85702-360-5.Quản lý CS1: nhiều tên: danh sách tác giả (liên kết)
  19. ↑ Diamond, J. (tháng 3 năm 1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03891-0.
  20. ↑ Acemoglu, Daron; Robinson, James (2012). Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty. New York: Crown Business. tr. 1–546. ISBN 978-0307719218.
  21. ↑ Gallup, Sachs, and Mellinger (tháng 8 năm 1999). “Geography and Economic Development”. International Regional Science Review. 22 (2): 179–232. doi:10.1177/016001799761012334. S2CID 11559764.Quản lý CS1: nhiều tên: danh sách tác giả (liên kết)
  22. ↑ Diamond, Jared (ngày 4 tháng 1 năm 2011). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Penguin Group. tr. 1–621. ISBN 978-0140279511.
  23. ↑ Kolata, Alan L.; Ortloff, Charles (tháng 10 năm 1989). “Thermal Analysis of Tiwanaku Raised Field Systems in the Lake Titicaca Basin of Bolivia”. Journal of Archaeological Science. 16 (3): 233–263. doi:10.1016/0305-4403(89)90004-6.
  24. ↑ Huag, Gerald (tháng 3 năm 2003). “Climate and the Collapse of Maya Civilization”. Science. 299 (5613): 1731–1735. Bibcode:2003Sci...299.1731H. doi:10.1126/science.1080444. PMID 12637744. S2CID 128596188.
  25. ↑ deMenocal, Peter (tháng 12 năm 2003). “African Climate Change and Faunal Evolution During the Pliocene-Pleistocene”. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 220 (1–2): 3–24. doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(04)00003-2.
  26. 1 2 3 Diamond, Jared (1997). Guns, Germs, and Steel. Jonathan Cape. tr. 1.
  27. ↑ Robinson, James (tháng 6 năm 2002). “States and Power in Africa: By Jeffrey I. Herbst: A Review Essay”. Journal of Economic Literature. 40 (2): 510–19. doi:10.1257/002205102320161357.
  28. 1 2 Tilly, Charles (1990). Coercion, Capital, and European States, A.D. 990–1992. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. tr. 63.
  29. ↑ Herbst, Jeffry (2000). States and Power in Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. tr. 41. ISBN 978-0-691-01027-4.
  30. ↑ Herbst, Jeffry (2000). States and Power in Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. tr. 38. ISBN 978-0-691-01027-4.
  31. ↑ Herbst, Jeffry (2000). States and Power in Africa. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. tr. 49. ISBN 978-0-691-01027-4.
  32. 1 2 3 Alsan, Marcella (tháng 1 năm 2015). “The Effect of the Tsetse Fly on African Development”. American Economic Review. 105: 382–410. doi:10.1257/aer.20130604.
  33. ↑ Overton, Mark (ngày 18 tháng 4 năm 1996). Agricultural Revolution in England: The Transformation of the Agrarian Economy 1500–1850. Cambridge University Press. tr. 1.
  34. 1 2 Gade, Daniel (2016). “Urubamba Verticality: Reflections on Crops and Diseases”. Spell of the Urubamba: Anthropogeographical Essays on an Andean Valley in Space and Time. Springer. tr. 86. ISBN 978-3-319-20849-7.
  35. ↑ Hardoy, Jorge Henríque (1973). Pre-Columbian Cities. tr. 24. ISBN 978-0802703804.
  36. 1 2 Gade, Daniel W. (1996). “Carl Troll on Nature and Culture in the Andes (Carl Troll über die Natur und Kultur in den Anden)”. Erdkunde. 50 (4): 301–316. doi:10.3112/erdkunde.1996.04.02.
  37. ↑ Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson, Daron, Simon and James (tháng 12 năm 2001). “The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation”. The American Economic Review. 91 (5): 1369–1401. doi:10.1257/aer.91.5.1369. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 5 năm 2016.